@article{oai:toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp:00007273,
 author = {銭, 晟 and QIAN, Sheng},
 issue = {3},
 journal = {東洋学報, The Toyo Gakuho},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {From the beginning of the Ming Period, both Beijing and its surrounding regions continued to experience a mass influx of population, resulting by the end of the Period in the formation of a consumption sector demanding huge amounts of commodities, together with a significant increase in the number of brokers (yahang 牙行) linking outside suppliers with local retailers, to the extent of rivaling their counterparts in the prosperous regions of Jiangnan in terms of the amount of business taxes they paid. At the same time, due to the heavy corvee (maiban 買辦) levied for the provision of materiel to the government, the merchant class represented by the commercial guilds (puhu 鋪戶) fell into decline, bringing about a drastic transformation in Beijing’s overall commercial structure, as the research to date has already pointed out.
      Such a state of affairs therefore demands a reconsideration of the conventional image of the yahang of Beijing (and northern China in general), in terms of their quantitative expansion, business organization and growing commercial function; that is to say, transcending the perception of them as mere middlemen active in only the marketplaces designated by local authorities. Accordingly, the present article attempts to clarify in concrete terms the expansion of the commercial activities of the yahang in keeping pace with the transformation of the commercial structure occurring during the last years of the Ming Dynasty.
      From his examination, the author concludes that in the qianshang (僉商; compulsory business for merchants) form of the maiban corvee, the commercial guilds in charge of remittance merely paid the cost of the corvee, while the yahang were responsible for collecting the actual materiel and determining its value. Through the reforms implemented during the Chongzhen 崇禎 Era (1628–44), in addition to becoming nominally responsible for maiban, the yahang also took over the provision of funds for the corvee in place of the guilds. The background to such a development probably lay in the fact that as the expansion of maiban operations stimulated commerce in general, the involvement of the yahang in those operations helped them further develop commercial organization and gain more economic power and influence. The assumption of responsibility for maiban and operations for collecting the necessary materiel by the yahang of Beijing indicates their institutional and economic development compared to their counterparts in other regions of northern China, who remained mere middlemen in designated marketplaces.},
 pages = {01--029},
 title = {崇禎買弁改革と北京牙行の実相},
 volume = {101},
 year = {2019},
 yomi = {セン, セイ}
}