@article{oai:toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp:00006120,
 author = {野田, 仁 and NODA, Jin},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {東洋学報, The Toyo Gakuho},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {This paper examines the diplomatic relations between the Kazakh Khanate and the Qing and Russian Empires. After the collapse of the Jungar Khanate in the middle of the 18th century, the Kazakh nomads desired to move into Chinese pastural territory. The Qing Dynasty tried to defend its boundaries by way of the “tribute system” and taxation upon the Kazakhs crossing them, while the Kazakhs honored the “tribute system¨ and retained their interests and safety. On the other hand, Russia considered the border outposts (karun) in Xinjiang as the Khanate’s border with China and interpreted Kazakh “tribute” as the Khanate’s submission to China. These different interpretations of “boundary” by the three parties show the ambiguity of Kazakh “subjection” on the part of the two empires.“Tribute,” on which diplomatic relations between the Khanate and China were based, was important for the Kazakh sultans (tӧre, khans’ sons) to guarantee profits from trade and maintain authority within the Khanate. Russia did not attempt to intervene in Kazakh-China relations at first, giving the sultans an opportunity to develop “bilateral diplomacy” towards the two empires, However, as Russian influence on the Kazakhs grew stronger up to the first half of the 19th century, we can observe changes taking place in Kazakh relations with China, but they continued to negotiate on such practical matters as trade, horse tribute and taxation. In particular, when Russia became strongly interested in trading with northwest China during the first half of the 19th century, it would be forced to make use of the Kazakh sultans as mediators. By appointing Russian merchants as caravan chiefs (aqalaqchi), the saltans were able to profit from their mediation.Therefore, it is possible to conclude that it was the conceptual differences of “boundary” among the three parties in the 18th century that enabled the Kazakh sultans to maintain “bilateral diplomacy” with China and Russia until the mid-19th century, despite the changes taking place in Central Asia.},
 pages = {230--260},
 title = {露清の狭間のカザフ・ハーン国：スルタンと清朝の関係を中心に},
 volume = {87},
 year = {2005},
 yomi = {ノダ, ジン}
}