{"created":"2023-06-19T10:30:48.848531+00:00","id":5500,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"5933f84a-c37a-44c3-a487-58174d1cf1f0"},"_deposit":{"created_by":2,"id":"5500","owners":[2],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"5500"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp:00005500","sets":["486:623:625"]},"author_link":["9521"],"item_10001_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1983-03","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicIssueNumber":"3・4","bibliographicPageEnd":"358","bibliographicPageStart":"327","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"64","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"東洋学報"},{"bibliographic_title":"The Toyo Gakuho","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_10001_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"After the White Lotus 白連教 Rebellion (1796--1805) and the Tien-fei 滇匪 Rebellion (1859-62), about fifteen or sixteen Kung-chü 公局 were established in every sub-prefecture and county 州縣 in Ssü-chuan. Kung-chü can be classified into three groups according to their function. The function of the first group comprised tax collection as in the Chin-chuan chü 津捐局, that of the second, welfare and education as in the Yü-ying chü 育嬰局, and the Hsüeh-t’ien chü 学田局, and that of the third, the maintenance of public order as exhibited in the Tuan-lien chü 団練局.Local gentry and landlords were appointed by magistrates to manage the Kung-chü. They were called Chü-shih局士. Every Kung-chü had two or three Chü-shih who carried out administrative work on behalf of the magistrate. In Ho-chow 合州 county in Chung-ching prefecture 重慶府, all the Chü-shih listed in the biographies between 1830-1900 in the Ho-Chuan hsien-chih 合川県志, were very large local landlords. All of them had become large landlords through the sale of rice, salt, wine, etc. They invested the money that they acquired from commercial activities into the land, thus becoming landlords.The Chü-shih in Ho-chow were not characterized by a high level of scholarship or a high degree holding rate. Of the twelve samples of Chü-shih in Ho-chow, three held no official nor scholarly degree, three had bought their degrees by donating money, while the other six were all Sheng-yüan 生員. This shows that in Ssü-chuan during the late Ch’ing large landlords could maintain links with the magistrate and participate in local administration, without being degree holders.The Chü-shih obtained the funds to carry on their administrative work by the introduction of new tax levies. The funds were called Ti-fang kung-kuan 地方公款. The new tax levies constituted additional land taxation An-liang p’ai-chüan 按糧派捐 and consumption duty Li-chin 釐金. The burden of both these taxes ultimately fell on the small tenant’s shoulders. The Chü-shih even increased the Ti-fang kung-kuan by lending money from the Kung-chü to peasants at high rates of interest, and by appropriating temple (mia 廟) and association (会) property. In sum the Ti-fang kung-kuan funds were obtained by exploiting the local peasantry.The large landlords in Ssü-chuan, who were appointed to the post of Chü-shih by magistrates re-organized the landlord-tenant system. Chü-shih could acquire very large profits through the post. After quitting the Chü-shih post, landlords returned to their local villages, and strengthened their  control over the local peasantry, by engaging in welfare, educational and public enterprises, that were necessary for peasant reproduction.The Chü-shih created a noew parasitic landlord system, by renting out land owned by the Kung-chü to Kung-t’ien tien-hu 公田個戸. Many of the Kung-t’ien tien-hu were rich usury merchants, who once appointed to the post of Kung-t’ien tien-hu, lent the land out to poor peasants, and loaned the peasants the money to pay the rent deposit money Ya-tsu 押租, due to them. They exploited the poor peasants, by charging a high interest rate on the money they lent them to pay the rent deposit money, in addition to the ordinary rent. The interest on these loans was collected in rice and brought great profits to the Kung-t’ien tien-hu.","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_10001_publisher_8":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"東洋文庫"}]},"item_10001_source_id_11":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN00169858","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_10001_source_id_9":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0386-9067","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"新村, 容子"},{"creatorName":"ニイムラ, ヨウコ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"},{"creatorName":"NIIMURA, Yoko","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{},{},{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2018-08-22"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"gakuho01_64-3,4-04.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"1.6 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"gakuho01_64-3,4-04.pdf","url":"https://toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/5500/files/gakuho01_64-3,4-04.pdf"},"version_id":"85e77eaa-47bc-488c-9a35-23af84c876e9"},{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2018-08-22"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"gakuho02_64-3,4-04e.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"147.0 kB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"gakuho02_64-3,4-04e.pdf","url":"https://toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/5500/files/gakuho02_64-3,4-04e.pdf"},"version_id":"26edc0c2-f98b-4546-9108-27c098a4907c"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"journal article","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"清末四川省における局士の歴史的性格","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"清末四川省における局士の歴史的性格"},{"subitem_title":"The Historical Character of the Chü-shih 局士 in Ssü-chuan during the Late Ch‘ing","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"10001","owner":"2","path":["625"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2018-07-30"},"publish_date":"2018-07-30","publish_status":"0","recid":"5500","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["清末四川省における局士の歴史的性格"],"weko_creator_id":"2","weko_shared_id":2},"updated":"2023-06-19T12:22:18.478710+00:00"}