@article{oai:toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp:00005432,
 author = {佐藤, 次高 and SATO, Tsugitaka},
 issue = {3・4},
 journal = {東洋学報, The Toyo Gakuho},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {In the article ‘'Iqṭāʻ system in Buwvayhid Iraq’ (“The world of Islam”, vol. 12, 1977), I discussed the problem of the establishment of the iqṭāʻ system in the Islamic history, particularly its enforcement and the relation between the Buwayhid state and the iqṭāʻ holders (muqṭaʻs). As a sequel to that article, I have investigated in this paper how Iraqi society was altered following the establishment of the iqṭāʻ system, focusing on the relation between iqṭāʻ holders and the peasants. The iqṭāʻs of the soldiers were managed by their retainers, that is, the slaves (ghilmān) and the substitutes (wakīl). According to Miskawayh, they collected the taxes unlawfully paying no attention to the condition of the villages because of their ignorance of the tax collection. But among the wakīls was a clerk called kātib who had been in the service of the influence as a manager of his land (ḍayʻa) in the pre- iqṭāʻ period. The iqṭāʻ holders, by their oppression of the small land owners (tānī), compelled them to contribute their lands and established the private right of protection (ḥimāya) on the villagers. Moreover such a rule of the soldiers was not restricted only to the villagers. The soldiers, making use of tasbīb (taking the salary in cash or in kind in the district), extended their control to include the activities of local merchants in order to increase their profits. Thus they gradually placed both peasants and merchants under their control in and around their iqṭāʻs.On the other hand, some powerful iqṭāʻ holders were appointed the wālīs in the districts after the middle of the Buwayh period. They had the right to collect the protection fee (rusūm al-ḥimāya) from the iqṭāʻ holders and the peasants on the condition that they kept order in the district through their protection of the roads and through the solution of the disputes and so on. But this right of the wālī was severely opposed by the iqṭāʻ holding soldiers, which gave rise to numerous disputes between them. This represents the contradiction between the official ḥimāya of the wālī and the private ḥimāya of the iqṭāʻ holders.},
 pages = {403--430},
 title = {イラク社会の変容とイクター制},
 volume = {61},
 year = {1980},
 yomi = {サトウ, ツギタカ}
}