@article{oai:toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp:00004987,
 author = {武田, 幸男 and TAKEDA, Yukio},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {東洋学報, The Toyo Gakuho},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {Hyangtʃik in the Goryo period was a general term for the following 14 official titles recorded in the “Goryosa 高麗史”: dækwang 大匡, tʃɔngkwang 正匡, dæsẅng 大丞, tʃwasẅng 佐丞, dæsang 大相, wɔnp’o 元甫, tʃɔngp’o 正甫, wɔnjun 元尹, tʃwajun 佐尹, tʃɔngtʃo 正朝, tʃɔngy 正位, p’ojun 甫尹, kunjun 軍尹, and tʃungjun 中尹. Hyangtʃik has long been understood as the title or rank of hyangri 郷吏because of its resemblance to the term hyangtʃik. But strict re-examination makes it clear that this is false, and a mere conjecture.It is true that the title of hyangtʃik was given to the hyangri. However, all the hyangri were not necessarily the holder of hyangtʃik. On the other hand, the old men, military officers, hsüli 胥吏 (subaltern officials), ryangpan 両班 (bureaucrats) and head of the Nü-chên 女真 tribe had sometimes a rank of hyangtʃik. They were granted land under the state controlled land tenure system tʃɔngtʃ’ækwa 田柴科 which had been originally applied to the bureaucrats. The land was inherited hereditarily.However, land-ownership was rather restricted even among the holders of hyangtʃik. Dækwang, tʃɔngkwang and dæsẅng were given preferential treatment, and wɔnjun and higher ranks were distinguished from tʃwajun and those in lower levels. Thus the holders of the title hyangtʃik were graded into three, and each was treated differently.The institutional establishment of hyangtʃik took place in the 14th year of Sɔngtʃong 成宗 (995 A. D.), but its original form can be traced back to the beginning of the Goryo dynasty and it was kept up to the 13th century. In considering the political characteristics of Goryo, hyangtʃik should be given special attention.},
 pages = {165--204},
 title = {高麗時代の郷職},
 volume = {47},
 year = {1964},
 yomi = {タケダ, ユキオ}
}